Water Pollution and Global Warming Essay Example

Water Pollution and Global Warming Paper As a result it plays important roles in ecosystem support, economic development, cultural values and community well-being. Dozens of times a day those of us who live in the industrialized nations of the world enjoy a blessing denied to 75 percent of the world population: abundant supplies of clean water. But water is essential for life on earth. No known organisms can live without it. For centuries water has been used as a dumping ground for human sewage and industrial wastes. Added to them are the materials leached out and transported from and by water percolating through the soil and running off its surface to aquatic ecosystems. Water pollution is degradation of water quality. Any physical, chemical, or biological change in water quality that adversely affects living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired use can be considered pollution. Thus the term water pollution refers to – â€Å"Water contamination by a variety of chemical substances or transportation caused by several nutrients and fertilizers. † – Southwest, 1 976 U. S. Department of Health Education and Welfare defines water pollution as – â€Å"The adding to water of any substance or he changing of water’s physical and chemical characteristics in any way which interferes with its use of legitimate purposes†. At present, water pollution is a major global problem. Everyday many people are dying for water pollution. Now water pollution becomes the leading cause of death diseases. 3 1. 2 Sources of Water Pollution : There are many sources of water pollution. But before knowing that, we need to know that what are the sources of water, and then we will understand how they are becoming polluted. We get water from two sources – Surface Water Ground Water Surface Water is fresh water mound on Earth’s surface in streams and rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs. Surface waters are replenished by the runoff of precipitation from the land and are therefore considered a renewable, although finite resource. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution and Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution and Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution and Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ground Water refers to the fresh water under Earth’s surface that is stored in aquifers. This water originates as rain or melting snow that seeps into the soil and finds its way down through cracks and spaces in sand, gravel or rock until it is stopped by an impenetrable layer, there it accumulates as groundwater. Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as operate resources, although they are interrelated. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin. Point Sources Non-point Sources Point source water pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain. Point source water pollution re easily findable. So, people can easily control them. Non-point source pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. Non-point source pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. A common example is the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient runoffs in storm water from â€Å"sheet flow† over an agricultural field or a forest are also cited as examples of Non-point source pollution. 4 Surface Water Pollution : Surface water bodies are extensively used for espousal of untreated industrial wastes and this is one of the main sources of surface water pollution. Surface water pollution is caused by – C Domestic Waste : Water pollution Of domestic is mainly caused by sewage. Sewage is defined as the waterborne waste derived from home, animal or food processing plants and includes human excreta, soaps, organic materials, different types of solids, waste food, oil detergents, paper and cloth. They are the largest group of water pollutants. Water pollution is caused by uncontrolled dumping of waste collected from villages, towns and cities into ponds, streams, lakes and rivers. C] Industrial Effluent : The discharge of industrial effluents into the water body caused water pollution. These effluents contain a wide variety of inorganic and organic substances such as oils, greases, plastics, plasticizer, metallic wastes, suspended solids, phenols, pesticides, heavy metals and acids. Major industries of the country are located on or near the coastline or riversides. Organic substances deplete the oxygen content. Inorganic substances render the water unfit for drinking and other purposes. Acids and alkalis adversely effect the growth of fish and other aquatic organisms. Oil and other greasy substances interfere with the self purification mechanism of water. Urban runoff : Urban runoff is surface runoff of rainwater created by arbitration. This runoff is one of the major sources of water pollution in many urban communities worldwide. The porous and varied terrain of natural landscapes like forests, wetlands, and grasslands trap rainwater and snowbell and allow it to slowly filter into the ground. Runoff tends to reach receiving waters gradually. In contrast, nonporous urban landscapes like roads, bridges, parking lots, and buildings don’t let runoff slowly percolate into the ground†¦ Arbitration also increases the variety and amount of pollutants transported to receiving waters. Sediment from development and new construction; Oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from automobiles; nutrients and pesticides from turf management and gardening; viruses and bacteria from failing septic systems; road salts; and heavy metals are examples of pollutants generated in urban areas. Sediments and solids constitute the largest volume of pollutant loads to receiving waters in urban areas. Ã'Å¡ Agricultural runoff : Water pollution can be caused by agricultural wastes such as fertilizers, pesticides, soil additives and animal wastes that are washed off from the land to the aquatic system through irrigation, rainfall and leaching. Oil pollution : There are about 15 million water crafts on navigable waters throughout the world. Their combined waste discharges are equivalent to a city with a population of 2,000,000. Thus oil pollution, an oxygen demanding Waste, is of concern not only from sensational major spills from ships and offshore drilling rigs but also from small spills and cleaning operations. Al Chemical Use : Industrial and agricultural work involves the use of many different chemicals that can run-off into water and pollute it. It can also cause health hazards to human body and many animals and fishes are dying for these chemicals. CLC Thermal Pollution : An increase in the optimum water temperature by industrial processes (steel factories, electric power houses and atomic power plants) may be called as thermal pollution. Many industries generate their own power and use water to cool their generators. This hot water is released into the system from where it was drawn, causing a warming trend of surface waters. Fifth system is poorly flushed, a permanent increase in the temperature may result. However, if the water is released into he well flushed systems, permanent increase in temperature does not occur. Many organisms are killed instantly by the hot water resulting into a high mortality. It may bring other disturbance in the ecosystem. The eggs of fish may hatch early or fail to hatch at all. It may lead to unplanned migration of aquatic animals. D Sediments : Sediment is defined as particles derived from soil or rocks that are transported by water or wind. The erosion of land surfaces and stream banks produces sediment. Sediment threatens water supplies and recreation and cause harm to plant and fish communities. Sediment can also be discharged from multiple different sources. Sources include construction sites agricultural fields, stream banks, and highly disturbed areas. D Salinity Intrusion : Saltwater intrusion is a major problem in coastal regions all over the world, as it threatens the health and possibly lives Of many people who live in these areas. It increases the salinity of groundwater and water may become unsuitable for human use. Colonization of groundwater is considered a special category of pollution that threatens groundwater resources, because mixing a small quantity of saltwater in the rainwater makes freshwater unsuitable and can result in abandonment of freshwater supply. CLC Accidental Spills of Chemicals : Accidental spills of environmentally harmful materials can happen anywhere and anytime, polluting land and water. Even echo-friendly cleaners and chemicals can harm the fish, plants and insects in our streams and harbors, if they are washed into stemware drains. 6 Ground Water Pollution : A lot of the Earth’s water is found underground in soil or under rock structures called aquifers. Humans often use aquifers as a means to obtain drinking water, and build wells to access it. When this water becomes polluted it is called groundwater pollution. Groundwater pollution is often caused by pesticide contamination from the soil, this can infect Our drinking water and cause huge problems. Ground water pollution caused BBC Waste disposal site : Domestic and industrial wastes are collected to dispose them in a place. There are many chemicals which are found in these wastes. The places where these waste are disposed become polluted. If the place has a leak and it lead to the nearby river, then by the leaks, the chemicals go to the river and make the river polluted. D Pesticides : Run-off from farms, skyward, and golf courses contain pesticides such as EDT that in turn contaminate the water. Leech ate from landfill sites is another major contaminating source. Its effects on the ecosystems and health are endocrine and reproductive damage in wildlife. Groundwater is susceptible to contamination, as pesticides are mobile in the soil. It is a matter of concern as these chemicals are persistent in the soil and water. L] Sewage : Untreated or inadequately treated municipal sewage is a major source of groundwater and surface water pollution in the developing countries. The organic material that s discharged with municipal waste into the watercourses uses substantial oxygen for biological degradation thereby upsetting the ecological balance of rivers and lakes. Sewage also carries microbial pathogens that are the cause of the spread of disease. C Nutrients : Domestic waste water, agricultural run- off, and industrial effluents contain phosphorus and nitrogen, fertilizer run- off, manure from livestock operations, which increase the level of nutrients in water bodies and can cause transportation in the lakes and rivers and continue on to the coastal areas. The nitrates come mainly from the fertilizer hat is added to the fields. Excessive use of fertilizers cause nitrate contamination Of groundwater, with the result that nitrate levels in drinking water is far above the safety levels recommended. Good agricultural practices can help in reducing the amount of nitrates in the soil and thereby lower its content in the water. 7 Acidification : Acidification of surface water, mainly lakes and reservoirs, is one of the major environmental impacts of transport over long distance of air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide from power plants, other heavy industry such as steel plants, and motor vehicles. This problem is more severe in the US and in parts of Europe. C] Synthetic organics : Many of the 100 DO synthetic compounds in use today are found in the aquatic environment and accumulate in the food chain. Persistent organic pollutants represent the most harmful element for the ecosystem and for human health. For example, industrial chemicals and agricultural pesticides. These chemicals can accumulate in fish and cause serious damage to human health. Where pesticides are used on a large-scale, groundwater gets contaminated and this leads to the chemical contamination of drinking water. Ã'Å¡ Arsenic Problem : Most arsenic enters water supplies either from natural deposits in the earth or from industrial and agricultural pollution. Arsenic is a natural element of the earth’s crust. It is used in industry and agriculture and for other purposes. It also is a byproduct of copper smelting, mining and coal burning. C Suspended Matter : Some pollutants do not dissolve in water as their molecules are too big to mix between the water molecules. This material is called particulate matter and can often be a cause of water pollution. The suspended particles eventually settle and cause thick silt at the bottom. This s harmful to marine life that lives on the floor of rivers or lakes. Biodegradable substances are often suspended in water and can cause problems by increasing the amount of anaerobic microorganisms present. Toxic chemicals suspended in water can be harmful to the development and survival of aquatic life. 8 1. 3 Common Contaminants of Water Pollution : There are some contaminants of water pollution. They are – C Infectious Agents : Disease causing agents or pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites. These come from raw sewage and animal waste and they may be responsible for 80% of the asses in developing countries. CLC Oxygen demanding wastes : Reduce Dissolved Oxygen level in the water and affect aquatic life. Sewage, animal manure or biodegradable organic wastes are that type of waste. 0 Inorganic chemicals : Water-soluble acids, toxic compound, salt and metals are the inorganic chemicals. They make water unfit to consume and use for irrigation. Also can harm organisms and cause material corrosion. D Organic chemicals : Organic chemicals are petroleum products, oil, gasoline, plastics, pesticides, solvents, detergents. Presence of organic chemicals in water cause health kiss to humans and other organisms. Ã'Ëœ Plant nutrients : Nitrates, phosphates, ammonium from fertilizers are plant nutrients. Excessive algal and plant growth lower the oxygen levels when they decompose. Sediment : Sediments are bad for aquatic animals. Mud, silt, sand are the example. Sediment disrupts photosynthesis and transports large amounts of other adsorbed pollutants. Sediments are bad for Aquatic animals. D Radio-active materials : Radon, uranium, Iodine, cesium, thorium, and tritium are the radio-active materials. These materials may come either from natural or anthropogenic sources. Heat : Heat comes from cooling water for power plants other industrial plants. Heat lowers the solubility of oxygen in water and it also affects aquatic lives directly. 9 1. 4 Health Hazards Caused by Water Pollution : Virtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humans and animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately but can be harmful after long term exposure. Different forms of pollutants affect the health of animals in different ways. Such as Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in nearby lakes and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as sis and shellfish, and subsequently to the humans who eat them. Heavy metals can slow development; result in birth defects and some are carcinogenic. Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage the health of aquatic animals and those who eat them. Some of the toxins in industrial waste may only have a mild effect whereas other can be fatal. They can cause immune suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning. Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases that infect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant mortality. Organic matter and nutrients causes an increase in aerobic algae and depletes oxygen from the water column. This causes the suffocation of fish and other aquatic organisms. Sulfate particles from acid rain can cause harm the health of marine life in the rivers and lakes it contaminates, and can result in mortality. Suspended particles in freshwater reduces the quality of drinking water for humans and the aquatic environment for marine life. Suspended particles can often reduce the amount of sunlight penetrating the water, disrupting the growth of photosynthetic plants and micro-organisms. There are some water borne diseases of human which caused by drinking or using polluted water. They are given pillowcase Bacterial infections Viral infections Protozoan infections Hellishness infection Diseases Typhoid, cholera, Paratyphoid fever, Dysentery Infectious Hepatitis (jaundice), Poliomyelitis Amoebic dysentery Roundworm, Hookworm, threadbare 10 2. 0 Global Warming 2. What is Global Warming : Global warming is defined s a natural or human induced increase in the average global temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface. The temperature at or near the surface of the Earth is determined by four main factors : ; ; ; ; The amount of sunlight Earth receives. The amount of sunlight Earth reflects. Retention of heat by the atmosphere. Evaporation and condensation of water vapor. In the last 100 years, Earth’s average surface temperature increased by about 0. 8 co (1. 4 OF). Two thirds of the increase occurred over the last three decades. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Scientists are more Han 90% certain that most of it is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities. These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized countries. 11 2. 2 Causes of Global Warming : Scientists have spent decades figuring out what is causing global warming. They’ve looked at the natural cycles and events that are known to influence climate. But the amount and pattern of warming that’s been measured can’t be explained by these factors alone. The only way to explain the pattern is to include the effect of greenhouse gases emitted by humans. There are many natural causes of global warming. But they do not warm much the planet. The most serious type of warm is anthropogenic which is created by humans. One of the first things scientists learned is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming and humans emit them in a variety of ways. The causes of global warming are given below -? Greenhouse Gases : Sunlight that reaches Earth warms both the atmosphere and the surface. Earth’s surface and atmospheric system then irradiate heat as infrared radiation. Certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere absorb and re-emit this radiation. Some of it returns to the Earth ;s surface, making Earth warmer than it otherwise would be. In trapping heat, the gases act a little like the panes of glass in a greenhouse (although the process by which the heat is trapped is not the same as in a greenhouse), accordingly, the effect is called the greenhouse effect, and the gases which include Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbons (CIFS) are called greenhouse gases. Extra Carbon Dioxide Release : Human are releasing Carbon dioxide in the environment by burning fossil fuels, burning trees, driving cars and from the industry. This excessive carbon dioxide is not absorbed by the environment. This makes our planet warmer and the result is global warming. CLC Methane Gas from animals, agriculture, Arctic Sea beds: Methane is another extremely potent greenhouse gas, ranking right behind CO. When organic matter is broken down by bacteria under oxygen-starved conditions (anaerobic decomposition) as in rice paddies, methane is produced. The process also takes place in the intestines of herbivorous animals and with the increase in the amount of concentrated livestock production, the levels of methane released into the atmosphere is increasing. Another source of methane is methane celebrate, a compound containing large amounts of methane trapped in the crystal structure of ice. As methane escapes from the Arctic sea beds, the rate of global warming will increase significantly. 12 0 Solar Variation : Variations in solar output have been the cause of past climate changes. The effect Of changes in solar forcing in recent decades is uncertain but small. Some studies showing a slight cooling effect while others studies suggest a slight warming effect. C] Nitrogen Oxides from Farming : Primary component of the green revolution has been the development of iatrogenic fertilizers that dramatically accelerate the growth and productivity of plants in the field. Plants fix or capture, nitrogen on their own as well but green revolution technologies have become so popular that humans are now adding more nitrogen to the earth than all of the plants in the world combined. Nitrogen oxides have 300 times more heat-trapping capacity per unit of volume than does carbon dioxide and we release them every time we apply fertilizer to soil. A recent United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization study found that modern farming is contributing more to global arming than all of the transportation sector combined. This is due partly to the fuel burned in modern farming, but more significantly, to the release of methane and nitrogen oxides. C] Chlorofluorocarbon (CUFF) Gas : Chlorofluorocarbons (CUFF), is used in refrigeration, also powerful greenhouse gas. These gas occur in lower concentrations in the atmosphere, but because they are so much more potent than carbon dioxide, in some cases hundreds of times more potent per unit of volume, they contribute to global warming as well. CLC Deforestation Deforestation increases the severity of global arming as well. Carbon dioxide is released from the human conversion of forests and grasslands into farmland and cities. All living plants store carbon. When those plants die and decay, carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere. As forests and grasslands are cleared for human use, enormous amounts of stored carbon enter the atmosphere. Burning Gasoline for transportation : Our modern car culture and appetite for globally sourced goods is responsible for about 33% of emissions in the U. S. With our population growing at an alarming rate, the demand for more cars and nonuser goods means that we are increasing the use of fossil fuels for transportation and manufacturing.

Dispicable thats all you can decribe it. You look around and its like the population of man has been wiped out. Essays

Dispicable thats all you can decribe it. You look around and its like the population of man has been wiped out. Essays Dispicable thats all you can decribe it. You look around and its like the population of man has been wiped out. Essay Dispicable thats all you can decribe it. You look around and its like the population of man has been wiped out. Essay Essay Topic: As You Like it Dispicable thats all you can decribe it. You look around and its like the population of man has been wiped out. News papers blowing in the wind glass bottles struned about, needles and everything you can thing of just left on the floor. Not a persons footstep can be hurd. Not a childs lafter. Slience thats all, complete silence, And the reason for the deadly silence is that its 6.30. No one dare go out or make a sound after this time. Six months ago the place would have been buzzin with life on a warm day like this but now that cannot be. To explain why we would have to go back about a year to 2020, when things were just starting to look bright. Carla applyed a last coat of mascara and looked in the mirro t check her jeans were fiting right, her top wasnt creased and that she was looking fine. It was a tippical friday night and she was goin out with her friends, the wind was blowing and it was drisseling out side but that didnt bother her. She shouted goodbye to her mum as she shut the door and headed down the road to the park were they all met. There was about 20 of them that met up every friday, She waled down the bumpy path to the darkened park were there was alredy about 10 people laffing and gigleing. hey, anyone got anything yet? shouted carla. Not yet, we are goin for sum now someone out of the group. The group set off down to the offlicence and hung about outside asking general people if they would go in for them. This was an anoying thing for older people who did not like to be asked, it took about fithteen minutes before a reluctant peron who felt threatened but the every growing gang to agree to go in the shop for them. Once the gang had all there alcohol they set off back down to the park to get completly drunk and wait for Sip to come down. They called the tall dark man Sip as they didnt know his name or anythign about him, Sip stood for someone inparticular. They hung about the park being noisy and getin ever more drunk as they consumed deadly ammount of spirits mixed with numerous ammounts of other things. Then about nine thirty SIP came down everyone rushed to greet him and buy some stuff of him Carla bought some new pills he had and took them on top of the huge ammout of vodka and wkd she had drunk. soon she was starting to feel ill and didnt like what was happeneing. The next thing she remebers was waking up in hospital. Her friend Pippa was there and explained the poliece has come down and Broke up there fun, (noting usual there they seemed to spend every friday night just breaking up groups of underage drinkers) they had found Carla slumped on a bench semi conshious and has rushed her to hospital. This kind of thing was happeneing to so many teens each week that the government was getin anchious and needed to do something about it. They decided that there would be no way to stop it and they actually go quite alot of tax off it. They decided to legalise underage drinking and certain drugs but they would make safe places for the teens to do it in. A few months later the first UADC (under age drinking club) was opened near to wear Carla lived. All the group that usually went on the park was now goin to go there with parental permission. Again Carla took one last look at herself in the mirror and shouted goodbye as she went throught the door. There group headed off up the road all buzzing with excitment at what it would be like. they got there and there was tvs, dvds all sorts of things and most important a bar. They enjoyed it the first cuppleof times then th novelty started to wear off but they still contined to go, the only problem was that they were only allowed so much and on the streets they were alowed what they wanted. The people who run the place soon saw the lack ofinterest and how some of the teens wernt coming anymore so they decide to up the ammout they could have and thought opening it on a saturday as well as a friday would help. As it was not proving to be a sucsess they opened it on a wednestday in the hope more teens would come and they did moreand more were sending all there money they had on drink. This came with its problems. It was thursday and Carla and Pippa had no money for the next night at the UADC neither did alot of her friends. Carla and pippa decided to pinch some money from a dish in Carals kitchen were her mum kept the shopping money. This was just were things started to go wrong. At the club they allowed the teens to smoke marajuana. Carla needed money for this as well. Some of the group decided to get some stronger drugs off Sip and then go to the club; this soom cought on and all most everyone from the group that hung about on the park was doing it. If they couldnt have as much alchol as they used to they would compremise they would have srong drugs befor and then go to the club have marajuana and drink beer. As more teens came the club added some more days so now it was open friday,saturday,monday,wednesday. Caral and her friends had no money they had been going to the club for about 3 months and had spent all there saving. One day Carla and Pippa went into the town and stole some thing ou t of the shops and then sold them at school to get money for the drugs and alchol. They didnt see them selfs as addicted but actuallt there was about 100 teens that were all addicted to drungs and alchol the crime level was soring. The governmet had to do somethign they closed down the UADC emmidiatly but didnt knwo what else to do. Carla and her friends were skipping school as there hangovers were to bad in a moring to go. After they had recoved from there hangovers they went out into town to stal some things to sell on for dung and beer money it was a vishios circle and when the club was closed they just went back to goin ot the park and anywere on the streets. Soon everyone moved on from shops to houses were there was gold and jewls worth alot more. People were terrifed to go out the teens were out of controle people were mugged and if they had nothin beeten up. There cravings drove them to do the lowest of things. Reversing the legisation made thigns worse as they just went out on to the streets in houseing ares left bottles and needles. People learnt that about 6pm the teens (that has squatted in peoples houses removing the families) came out of there comatosed states and were craving for more alchol and drugs. people didnt wak around or draw attention to there houses throught fear of attack. the government now has to pay the price of a contry living in fear and teens ever more growing to controle the areas they lived in.

European Cultural Adoption of the Cherokee Indians Essay

European Cultural Adoption of the Cherokee Indians - Essay Example One of the most talked about and studied groups of Native Americans are the Cherokee Indians, a group of native occupants of the American continent. Historians believe that the Cherokee Indians occupied the southeast part of America ling before the forces of civilization and the American colonization took center stage. â€Å"Cherokee lands covered parts of Tennessee, North Carolina, south Carolina, Virginia, west Virginia, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas.† The tribe was one of the strongest tribes in the American continent and had significant influence during the 14th and 15th century. They existed in smaller groups and sub-tribes ruled by chiefs and kings and other religious leaders who had significant influence on this group of people. â€Å"The various Cherokee villages formed a confederacy. There were two chiefs per village a red (or war) chief and a white chief (most beloved man or woman) who was associated with civil, economic, religious, and judicial functions . Chiefs would be male or female and there was little or no hereditary component† The history of the Cherokee Indians is highly complex and is characterized by episodes of resistance, war conflicts and revolutions that rocked the American continent. Thirteen colonies of North America decided to break from British rule. To register their displeasure towards the new occupants of the American continent who were now fighting against the British, the Indian Cherokees fought from the British side against the Americans. â€Å"Cherokee support towards the British during the American Revolutionary war (1755-1783 brought retaliatory attacks from southern states militia†5 During this time and prior times, the interaction of the Indian Cherokees with the British and other foreign occupants of the country flourished; the tribe experienced a major tribal revolution that resulted into adoption of new cultural and significant cultural assimilation and integration. â€Å"After the Amer ican Revolution, the Cherokee adapted British style farming, cattle ranching, business relation, and government becoming cohesive and prosperous†6 In the paper, the cultural assimilation and adoption that occurred during the 17th and 18th century among the Cherokee Indians will be highlighted. It will thus seek to provide a description of the events that characterized the cultural changes and integration during this period. The adoption of foreign and new cultures significantly affected the lifestyle of the Cherokee Americans that resulted into assimilation and the loss of the prior cultural identity that the tribe enjoyed. The first documented history of the contact between the Cherokee Indians and the Europeans was around 1540. â€Å"The Cherokee encountered Hernando De Soto around 1540, probably not long before they arrived in their historic homeland†¦

Educational Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Educational Programs - Essay Example The Italian early education and care is characterized be a three prong strategy (state,communal,private). Enactment of a law that entitled children between ages 3-6 to free education and another law in 1971 establishing infant/toddler centers that also receive parental financial contributions have land marked an early care program that has been strongly backed and approved by parents especially mothers.(Rebecca.S.New) Italy has been consistent in its efforts to combine concepts of social service with education thus helping young families enormously. 95% of children between ages 3-6 attend some kind of school-municipal,national or private.New legislation in 1998 requires for pre school teachers to hold a university level degree.Vast majority of cities with communal pre-schools also conduct workshops for teachers .In 1969,The Ministry introduced "Guidelines for Educational Activity" which advocated strong collaboration with parents, religious education and play. (OECD Country note,May2 001) As for children above age 6, education in Italy is state-controlled and all schools, both public and private, are subject to comply with the curricula and teaching methods laid down by the Ministry of Public Education .Education is compulsory and free of charge for all children between the ages of 6 and 14 and is segmented into 5 classes at elementary level and 3 classes at lower secondary level (middle school).(The Italian Education System, January 2,2001). The curriculum at the elementary level is centered on providing a solid foundation in reading, writing, and mathematics. Two significant philosophies in early education founded in Italy that have captured the world's attention setting the pace for educational standards and influencing alternative ,educational concepts both inside Italy and around the world are: The Montessori Concept The Reggio Emilia approach Dr Maria Montessori,the first woman in Italy to become a physician, founded the Montessori system of education in 1907 in Rome. Her major discovery was that children teach themselves.She believed in a prepared classroom designed to make children choose from a number of developmentally appropriate activities leading to self-discovery in learning. ( Website of the Montessori Foundation and the International Montessori Council ).The Reggio Emilia was founded in the town of Reggio Emilia in Northern Italy by professor Loris Malaguzzi. (Lella Gandini,1993) Children explore themes and learn through short and long projects inspired spontaneously by children's curiosity , social concerns of parents ,or a random chance event..With no established curriculum,the child learns in her own sense of time and personal rhythm. Other innovative pre-school education and care programs in Pastoia and Milan have focused on the integral relationship between the need of the children and the community as a w hole. Some of their ground-breaking policies include enrichment programs for parents and grand parents and a high level of interaction between diverse families of young children with one another and with the professionals. The general goal seems to be to foster

Therefore the poet is trying to demonstrate Essay Example for Free

Therefore the poet is trying to demonstrate Essay Hopkins was born in 1844, and died just 45 years later in 1889. He was a deeply intellectual and religious man, and became a Jesuit priest in 1877, the same year of which he wrote Pied Beauty. In the poem, the author expresses his gratitude in God for making all the beautiful things that we now see in this world (assuming that what he saw is not that far off from what we now see of course) and how we should all â€Å"praise him†. Significant poetic devices and their significance (eg: Metaphors, symbols, rhyme scheme, form, imagery, repetition†¦ etc) Structure-based analysis 1) Funny rhyme scheme here. ABCABC DBEDE. Note how every rhyming lines are indented to the same extent. This perhaps portrays the different hierarchies of the world that we see today, whether it is caste, wealth or class. He perhaps is trying to link them all together, and express the feeling that there is room for everyone in the kingdom of God, or God sees all, from the rich to the poor, no matter what your social status. The peculiar rhyme scheme could represent the fact that we often find God a very mysterious entity, one who works in mysterious ways. We cannot fully understand why he often does things so out of convention (ie storms, hurricanes) but they are all part of his plan to make everything work. The break in the rhyme scheme illustrates the fact that God is unpredictable, when you start to understand what he does and how he works, the more he changes and does something completely different. Therefore the poet is trying to demonstrate the fact that we cannot even begin to comprehend the concept of God, and that ‘the only thing we are certain about him is his uncertainty. The last line in the poem â€Å"praise him† is indented differently from the rest of the poem, providing a very powerful message for the conclusion, as if the poet was saying ‘Amen’ at the end of a prayer. 2) Iambic pentameter not used, rather Sprung Rhythm is used. This is a poetic rhythm designed to imitate the rhythm of natural speech. It is constructed from feet in which the first syllable is stressed and may be followed by a variable number of unstressed syllables. In this case, the poet uses this to make his poem sound more genuine; emphasizing the fact that he truly feels this sense of love towards God. The fact that it sounds like natural speech also creates a stronger empathy link with the reader and the poet, thus making it easier for the poet to get his point across.

Sigmund Freud as a Dream Analyst Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Sigmund Freud as a Dream Analyst You step out of your car onto this amazing white sand beach. You walk toward the water and notice all of these beautiful women coming toward you and saying your name. As you start to lay the charm down you notice that one of them is chewing on your leg. Then all of a sudden all of them are taking huge bites out of you and ripping you apart. You try to escape but you seem to be unable to do anything in your defense. AAAAHHHHHH!!!!!!!!!!!! All of a sudden you awake in a frantic scream. You realize you are still in one piece and that no beautiful women really want you, you are just the same loser you were the day before. Dreams such as this one I described above happen to millions of people all over the world every time they stop to take a little nap or when they are asleep at night. Why do we dream? What do they mean? Why do humans as well as animals have dreams that sometimes fit into our daily life and others seem to be way out of the ordinary and have no significance in our lives? Throughout history human beings have sought to understand the meaning of dreams. The ancient Egyptians believed dreams possessed oracular or all knowing power. In the Bible, for example, there are many instances where people have gained power or went on hunger strikes because of dreams. Other cultures have interpreted dreams as inspirational, healing, or an alternative to reality. Many Indian tribes believed that dreams were what were expected of the future. Dreams have been a part of life for hundreds and hundreds of years and many people have various feelings about what they mean and why we have them (Sleep Disorders). There was one man though, who has changed the world's point of view on dreams. His name... ...(rev. ed) New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966 Mahoney, Maria F. Meaning in Dreams and Dreaming Citadel Press: Copyright Maria F Mahoney, 1966 Machenzie, Norm Ian Dreams and Dreaming Aldus Books Limited, London, 1965 Gyn, Lynn The Dream Emporium. 2000. March 29, 2002 http://dreamemporium.com/ Green, Ariadne Ancient Symbols. 2000. March 29, 2002 http://psychology.about.com/library/weekly/aa111501j.htm?terms=Dream+symbols Tiger's Nest 2000. March 29, 2002 http://www.frii.com/~tigrnest/drmart.htm Dreams and Their Meanings Copyright 2001 by PageWise, Inc. http://mtmt.essortment.com/dreamsmeanings_rfee.htm "Sigmund Freud" Thinkquest Library Website April 22, 2002 http://library.thinkquest.org/17039/Normal/freud.html "The Dreaming Life" Sleep Disorders April 19, 2002 <http://sleepdisorders.about.com/library/weekly/aa021101a.htm?terms=Bible+and+dreams> Sigmund Freud as a Dream Analyst Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Sigmund Freud as a Dream Analyst You step out of your car onto this amazing white sand beach. You walk toward the water and notice all of these beautiful women coming toward you and saying your name. As you start to lay the charm down you notice that one of them is chewing on your leg. Then all of a sudden all of them are taking huge bites out of you and ripping you apart. You try to escape but you seem to be unable to do anything in your defense. AAAAHHHHHH!!!!!!!!!!!! All of a sudden you awake in a frantic scream. You realize you are still in one piece and that no beautiful women really want you, you are just the same loser you were the day before. Dreams such as this one I described above happen to millions of people all over the world every time they stop to take a little nap or when they are asleep at night. Why do we dream? What do they mean? Why do humans as well as animals have dreams that sometimes fit into our daily life and others seem to be way out of the ordinary and have no significance in our lives? Throughout history human beings have sought to understand the meaning of dreams. The ancient Egyptians believed dreams possessed oracular or all knowing power. In the Bible, for example, there are many instances where people have gained power or went on hunger strikes because of dreams. Other cultures have interpreted dreams as inspirational, healing, or an alternative to reality. Many Indian tribes believed that dreams were what were expected of the future. Dreams have been a part of life for hundreds and hundreds of years and many people have various feelings about what they mean and why we have them (Sleep Disorders). There was one man though, who has changed the world's point of view on dreams. His name... ...(rev. ed) New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966 Mahoney, Maria F. Meaning in Dreams and Dreaming Citadel Press: Copyright Maria F Mahoney, 1966 Machenzie, Norm Ian Dreams and Dreaming Aldus Books Limited, London, 1965 Gyn, Lynn The Dream Emporium. 2000. March 29, 2002 http://dreamemporium.com/ Green, Ariadne Ancient Symbols. 2000. March 29, 2002 http://psychology.about.com/library/weekly/aa111501j.htm?terms=Dream+symbols Tiger's Nest 2000. March 29, 2002 http://www.frii.com/~tigrnest/drmart.htm Dreams and Their Meanings Copyright 2001 by PageWise, Inc. http://mtmt.essortment.com/dreamsmeanings_rfee.htm "Sigmund Freud" Thinkquest Library Website April 22, 2002 http://library.thinkquest.org/17039/Normal/freud.html "The Dreaming Life" Sleep Disorders April 19, 2002 <http://sleepdisorders.about.com/library/weekly/aa021101a.htm?terms=Bible+and+dreams>

Work to Be Done.

Introduction: The poem ‘Dad’ explores the author, Elaine Feinstein’s life and the feelings surrounding the passing of her father. The poem was written a year and a half after her father’s death as she tried to come to terms with her feelings of grief and sadness towards losing a loved one. Elaine Feinstein reflects on the images she has of her father. The themes that evolve throughout the poem ‘Dad’ are those of grief for the father she has lost, love and great sorrow. â€Å"Every day I grieve†, demonstrates the degree of loss the author feels towards her father’s death.Fond memories of her father caring sacks of potatoes, fresh eggs and flowers show the great love she feels towards her father. She feels sorrow for all the childhood memories that she has lost. At the start of the poem the tone is one of fondness as the author describes the characteristics of her father such as his hat and his soft heavy hand. This gives the reader an idea that it was when she was a child and that her dad was that to protect and comfort her. In stanza two the tone and mood is one of great grief and sadness as the author remembers how her father became ill. you beached: cold, white-faced, shivering† Gives the impression that the man or her father was in hospital with some illness about to pass away. In stanza three the tone turns to one of disbelief as the author questions how her father became ill. Her loyal warrior became ill and attached to a hospital monitor. This enforce that the author never believed that becoming ill and end up in hospital was an option for him. In the last stanza the mood and tone becomes one of great sorrow and loss towards the childhood memories that she had of her father.Throughout this poem there are several different types of poetic devices used to enhance the images of this man’s past life. These include: personification, metaphors, similes and imagery. In the first stanza the only p oetic device was personification. This was evident in the very first sentence, â€Å"Your old hat hurts me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  For this sentence the hat is suggested to be hurting someone giving it a human characteristic meaning that the sentence contains personification. It portrays the image of a little child wearing a hat that falls over his eyes.The purpose of the imagery is to show where the poem starts off; when the author was a child describing what his earliest memories were like. In the second stanza the most significant poetic device was a metaphor. This could be found at the end of the stanza, â€Å"you beached: cold, white-faced, shivering. † This metaphor is comparing the man or dad to a beached whale suggesting he is sick or reached a difficult obstacle. The image put forward is of the father lying in a hospital bed with some illness.The author has gradually worked to this image, each sentence is about the author’s memories this is a recent memory, unlike the others which were from when the author was younger. In the third stanza an important sentence for imagery is, â€Å"What happened, old bull, my loyal hoarse-voiced warrior? † The image captured in this sentence is of someone questioning how this could have happened to such a determined and wilful man. This suggests that the now old man had such an effect on the narrator/author that they thought the old man could never be stopped but they were proved wrong.This adds to the mood of the poem as well. In the final stanza the most obvious poetic device was a simile. In the sentence, â€Å"the earth as chosen as a bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is where the simile is. It is comparing the earth of a grave-pit to a bed or final resting place suggesting that someone may have passed away. The image received is of a funeral where they are at the point of lowering the coffin into the grave where he shall rest for eternity. It means that the once strong and determined ‘dad’ has given in. Conclusion: